// Copyright (C) 2022 Intel Corporation.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only

/*!
    \page ipc.html
    \title Inter-Process Communication
    \ingroup groups
    \ingroup frameworks-technologies
    \keyword ipc
    \ingroup explanations-networkingandconnectivity

    \brief An overview of Qt's inter-process communication functionality

    Qt supports many ways of communicating with other processes running in the
    same system or in different systems. There are basically three types of
    inter-process communication mechanisms:

    \list 1
       \li Synchronization primitives
       \li Exchanging of arbitrary byte-level data
       \li Passing structured messages
    \endlist

    \section1 Synchronization primitives

    Qt only provides one class for explicit inter-process synchronization:
    \l{QSystemSemaphore}. A QSystemSemaphore is like a \l{QSemaphore} that is
    accessible by multiple processes in the same system. It is globally
    identified by a "key", which in Qt is represented by the \l{QNativeIpcKey}
    class. Additionally, depending on the OS, Qt may support multiple different
    backends for sharing memory; see the \l{Native IPC Keys} documentation for
    more information and limitations.

    It is possible to use regular thread-synchronization primitives such as
    mutexes, wait conditions, and read-write locks, located in memory that is
    shared between processes. Qt does not provide any class to support this,
    but applications can use low-level operations on certain operating systems.

    Other Qt classes may be used to provide higher-level locking, like
    \l{QLockFile}, or by acquiring a unique, system-wide resource. Such
    techniques include \l{QTcpServer}{TCP} or \l{QUdpSocket}{UDP} ports or
    well-known names in \l{QDBusConnection::registerService}{D-Bus}.

    \section1 Byte-level data sharing

    Using byte-level data, applications can implement any communication
    protocol they may choose. Sharing of byte data can be stream-oriented
    (serialized) or can allow random access (a similar condition to
    QFileDevice::isSequential()).

    For serial communication, Qt provides a number of different classes and
    even full modules:
    \list
      \li Pipes and FIFOs: \l QFile
      \li Child processes: \l QProcess
      \li Sockets: \l QTcpSocket, \l QUdpSocket (in \l{Qt Network})
      \li HTTP(S): \l QNetworkAccessManager (in \l{Qt Network}) and
                   \l QHttpServer (in \l{Qt HTTP Server})
      \li CoAP(S): \l QCoapClient (in \l{Qt CoAP})
    \endlist

    For random-access data sharing within the same system, Qt provides
    \l{QSharedMemory}. See the \l{Shared Memory} documentation for detailed
    information.

    \section1 Structured message passing

    Qt also provides a number of techniques to exchange structured messages
    with other processes. Applications can build on top of the byte-level
    solutions above, such as by using \l QJsonDocument or \l QXmlStreamReader /
    \l QXmlStreamWriter over HTTP to perform JSONRPC or XMLRPC, respectively,
    or \l QCborValue with QtCoAP.

    Dedicated Qt modules for structured messages and remote procedure-calling
    include:
    \list
      \li \l{Qt D-Bus}
      \li \l{Qt Remote Objects}
      \li \l{Qt WebSockets}
    \endlist
*/

/*!
    \page shared-memory.html
    \title Shared Memory
    \keyword ipc
    \keyword shared memory

    \brief Overview of the techniques for sharing memory between processes.

    Qt provides two techniques to share memory with other processes in the same
    system: \l{QSharedMemory} and memory-mapped files using \l{QFile}. Memory
    that is shared with other processes is often referred to as a "segment",
    and although it may have been implemented as specific segments on
    processors with segmented memory models in the past, this is not the case
    in any modern operating system. Shared memory segments are simply regions
    of memory that the operating system will ensure are available to all
    processes participating.

    \note The address at which the segment is located in memory will almost
    always be different for each process that is participating in the sharing.
    Therefore, applications must take care to share only position-independent
    data, such as primitive C++ types or arrays of such types.

    \section1 Sharing memory using QSharedMemory

    QSharedMemory provides a simple API to create a shared memory segment of a
    given size or attach to one that was created by another process.
    Additionally, it provides a pair of methods to \l{QSharedMemory::}{lock}
    and \l{QSharedMemory::}{unlock} the whole segment, using an internal
    \l{QSystemSemaphore}.

    Shared memory segments and system semaphores are globally identified in the
    system through a "key", which in Qt is represented by the \l{QNativeIpcKey}
    class. Additionally, depending on the OS, Qt may support multiple different
    backends for sharing memory; see the \l{Native IPC Keys} documentation for
    more information and limitations.

    QSharedMemory is designed to share memory only within the same privilege
    level (that is, not with untrusted other processes, such as those started
    by other users). For backends that support it, QSharedMemory will create
    segments such that only processes with the same privilege level can attach.

    \section1 Sharing memory via memory-mapped files

    Most files can be mapped to memory using QFile::map() and, if the
    \l{QFileDevice::MapPrivateOption}{MapPrivateOption} option is not specified,
    any writes to the mapped segment will be observed by all other processes
    that have mapped the same file. Exceptions to files that can be mapped to
    memory include remote files found in network shares or those located in
    certain filesystems. Even if the operating system does allow mapping remote
    files to memory, I/O operations on the file will likely be cached and
    delayed, thus making true memory sharing impossible.

    This solution has the major advantages of being independent of any backend
    API and of being simpler to interoperate with from non-Qt applications.
    Since \l{QTemporaryFile} is a \l{QFile}, applications can use that class to
    achieve clean-up semantics and to create unique shared memory segments too.

    To achieve locking of the shared memory segment, applications will need to
    deploy their own mechanisms. One way may be to use \l QLockFile. Another
    and less costly solution is to use QAtomicInteger or \c{std::atomic} in
    a pre-determined offset in the segment itself. Higher-level locking
    primitives may be available on some operating systems; for example, on
    Linux, applications can set the "pshared" flag in the mutex attribute
    passed to \c{pthread_mutex_create()} to indicate that the mutex resides in
    a shared memory segment.

    Be aware that the operating system will likely attempt to commit to
    permanent storage any writes made to the shared memory. This may be desired
    or it may be a performance penalty if the file itself was meant to be
    temporary. In that case, applications should locate a RAM-backed
    filesystem, such as \c{tmpfs} on Linux (see
    QStorageInfo::fileSystemType()), or pass a flag to the native file-opening
    function to inform the OS to avoid committing the contents to storage.

    It is possible to use file-backed shared memory to communicate with
    untrusted processes, in which case the application should exercise great
    care. The files may be truncated/shrunk and cause applications accessing
    memory beyond the file's size to crash.

    \section2 Linux hints on memory-mapped files

    On modern Linux systems, while the \c{/tmp} directory is often a \c{tmpfs}
    mount point, that is not a requirement. However, the \c{/dev/shm} directory
    is required to be a \c{tmpfs} and exists for the very purpose of sharing
    memory. Do note that it is world-readable and writable (like \c{/tmp} and
    \c{/var/tmp}), so applications must be careful of the contents revealed
    there. Another alternative is to use the XDG Runtime Directory (see
    QStandardPaths::writableLocation() and \l{QStandardPaths::RuntimeLocation}),
    which on Linux systems using systemd is a user-specific \c{tmpfs}.

    An even more secure solution is to create a "memfd" using \c{memfd_create(2)}
    and use interprocess communication to pass the file descriptor, like
    \l{QDBusUnixFileDescriptor} or by letting the child process of a \l{QProcess}
    inherit it. "memfds" can also be sealed against being shrunk, so they are
    safe to be used when communicating with processes with a different privilege
    level.

    \section2 FreeBSD hints on memory-mapped files

    FreeBSD also has \c{memfd_create(2)} and can pass file descriptors to other
    processes using the same techniques as Linux. It does not have temporary
    filesystems mounted by default.

    \section2 Windows hints on memory-mapped files

    On Windows, the application can request the operating system avoid saving
    the file's contents on permanent storage. This request is performed by
    passing the \c{FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY} flag in the
    \c{dwFlagsAndAttributes} parameter to the \c{CreateFile} Win32 function,
    the \c{_O_SHORT_LIVED} flag to \c{_open()} low-level function, or by
    including the modifier "T" to the
    \c{fopen()} C runtime function.

    There's also a flag to inform the operating system to delete the file when
    the last handle to it is closed (\c{FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE},
    \c{_O_TEMPORARY}, and the "D" modifier), but do note that all processes
    attempting to open the file must agree on using this flag or not using it. A
    mismatch will likely cause a sharing violation and failure to open the file.
*/

/*!
    \page native-ipc-keys.html
    \title Native IPC Keys
    \keyword ipc
    \keyword shared memory
    \keyword system semaphore

    \brief An overview of keys for QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore

    The \l QSharedMemory and \l QSystemSemaphore classes identify their
    resource using a system-wide identifier known as a "key". The low-level key
    value as well as the key type are encapsulated in Qt using the \l
    QNativeIpcKey class. That class also provides the proper means of
    exchanging the key with other processes, by way of
    QNativeIpcKey::toString() and QNativeIpcKey::fromString().

    Qt currently supports three distinct backends for those two classes, which
    match the values available in the \l{QNativeIpcKey::Type} enumeration.
    \list
      \li POSIX Realtime extensions (IEEE 1003.1b, POSIX.1b)
      \li X/Open System Interfaces (XSI) or System V (SVr4), though also now part of POSIX
      \li Windows primitives
    \endlist

    As the name indicates, the Windows primitives are only available on the
    Windows operating system, where they are the default backend. The other two
    are usually both available on Unix operating systems. The following table
    provides an overview of typical availability since Qt 6.6:

    \table
      \header   \li Operating system    \li POSIX   \li System V    \li Windows
      \row      \li Android             \li         \li             \li
      \row      \li INTEGRITY           \li         \li             \li
      \row      \li QNX                 \li Yes     \li             \li
      \row      \li \macos              \li Yes     \li Usually (1) \li
      \row      \li Other Apple OSes    \li Yes     \li             \li
      \row      \li Other Unix systems  \li Yes     \li Yes         \li
      \row      \li Windows             \li Rarely (2) \li          \li Yes
    \endtable

    \note 1 Sandboxed \macos applications, which include all applications
    distributed via the Apple App Store, may not use System V objects.

    \note 2 Some GCC-compatible C runtimes on Windows provide POSIX-compatible
    shared memory support, but this is rare. It is always absent with the
    Microsoft compiler.

    To determine whether a given key type is supported, applications should
    call QSharedMemory::isKeyTypeSupported() and
    QSystemSemaphore::isKeyTypeSupported().

    QNativeIpcKey also provides support for compatibility with Qt applications
    prior to its introduction. The following sections detail the limitations of
    the backends, the contents of the string keys themselves, and
    compatibility.

    \section1 Cross-platform safe key format

    QNativeIpcKey::setNativeKey() and QNativeIpcKey::nativeKey() handle the
    low-level native key, which may be used with the native APIs and shared
    with other, non-Qt processes (see below for the API). This format is not
    usually cross-platform, so both QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore provide
    a function to translate a cross-platform identifier string to the native
    key: QSharedMemory::platformSafeKey() and
    QSystemSemaphore::platformSafeKey().

    The length of the cross-platform key on most platforms is the same as that
    of a file name, but is severely limited on Apple platforms to only 30
    usable bytes (be mindful of UTF-8 encoding if using characters outside the
    US-ASCII range). The format of the key is also similar to that of a file
    path component, meaning it should not contain any characters not allowed in
    file names, in particular those that separate path components (slash and
    backslash), with the exception of sandboxed applications on Apple operating
    systems. The following are good examples of cross-platform keys: "myapp",
    "org.example.myapp", "org.example.myapp-12345". Note that it is up to the
    caller to prevent oversized keys, and to ensure that the key contains legal
    characters on the respective platform. Qt will silently truncate keys that
    are too long.

    \b{Apple sandbox limitations:} if the application is running inside of a
    sandbox in an Apple operating system, the key must be in a very specific
    format: \c {<application group identifier>/<custom identifier>}. Sandboxing
    is implied for all applications distributed through the Apple App Store.
    See Apple's documentation
    \l{https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/AppSandboxDesignGuide/AppSandboxInDepth/AppSandboxInDepth.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40011183-CH3-SW24}
    {here} and \l{https://developer.apple.com/documentation/bundleresources/entitlements/com_apple_security_application-groups}
    {here} for more information, including how to obtain the application's group identifier.

    \section1 Native key format

    This section details the format of the native keys of the supported
    backends.

    \section3 POSIX Realtime
    Native keys resemble file names and may contain any character that file
    names do, except for a slash. POSIX requires the first character in the key
    name to be a slash and leaves undetermined whether any additional slashes
    are permitted. On most operating systems, the key length is the same as a
    file name, but it is limited to 32 characters on Apple operating systems
    (this includes the first slash and the terminating null, so only 30 usable
    characters are possible).

    The following are good examples of native POSIX keys: "/myapp",
    "/org.example.myapp", "/org.example.myapp-12345".

    QSharedMemory::platformSafeKey() and QSystemSemaphore::platformSafeKey()
    simply prepend the slash. On Apple operating systems, they also truncate
    the result to the available size.

    \section3 Windows
    Windows key types are NT
    \l{https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sync/object-namespaces}{kernel
    object names} and may be up to \c{MAX_PATH} (260) characters in length.
    They look like relative paths (that is, they don't start with a backslash
    or a drive letter), but unlike file names on Windows, they are
    case-sensitive.

    The following are good examples of native Windows keys: "myapp",
    "org.example.myapp", "org.example.myapp-12345".

    QSharedMemory::platformSafeKey() and QSystemSemaphore::platformSafeKey()
    insert a prefix to disambiguate shared memory and system semaphores,
    respectively.

    \section3 X/Open System Interfaces (XSI) / System V
    System V keys take the form of the name of a file in the system, and thus
    have the exact same limitations as file paths do. Both QSharedMemory and
    QSystemSemaphore will create this file if it does not exist when creating
    the object. If auto-removal is disabled, it may also be shared between
    QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore without conflict and can be any extant
    file (for example, it can be the process executable itself, see
    QCoreApplication::applicationFilePath()). The path should be an absolute
    one to avoid mistakes due to different current directories.

    QSharedMemory::platformSafeKey() and QSystemSemaphore::platformSafeKey()
    always return an absolute path. If the input was already absolute, they
    will return their input unchanged. Otherwise, they will prepend a suitable
    path where the application usually has permission to create files in.

    \section1 Ownership

    Shared memory and system semaphore objects need to be created before use,
    which is accomplished with QSharedMemory::create() or by passing
    QSystemSemaphore::Create to the constructor, respectively.

    On Unix systems, the Qt classes that created the object will be responsible
    for cleaning up the object in question. Therefore, if the application with
    that C++ object exits uncleanly (a crash, qFatal(), etc.), the object may
    be left behind. If that happens, applications may fail to create the
    object again and should instead attach to an existing one. For example, for
    QSharedMemory:

    \code
      if (!shm.create(4096) && shm.error() == QSharedMemory::AlreadyExists)
          shm.attach();
    \endcode

    Re-attaching to a QSystemSemaphore is probably unwise, as the token counter
    in it is probably in an unknown state and therefore may lead to deadlocks.

    \section3 POSIX Realtime
    POSIX Realtime object ownership is patterned after files, in the sense that
    they exist independent of any process using them or not. Qt is unable to
    determine if the object is still in use, so auto-removal will remove it
    even then, which will make attaching to the same object impossible but
    otherwise not affecting existing attachments.

    Prior to Qt 6.6, Qt never cleaned up POSIX Realtime objects, except on QNX.

    \section3 X/Open System Interfaces (XSI) / System V
    There are two resources managed by the Qt classes: the file the key refers
    to and the object itself. QSharedMemory manages the object cooperatively:
    the last attachment is responsible for removing the object itself and then
    removing the key file. QSystemSemaphore will remove the object if and only
    if it was passed QSystemSemaphore::Create; additionally, if it created the
    key file, it will remove that too.

    Since Qt 6.6, it is possible to ask either class not to clean up.

    \section3 Windows
    The operating system owns the object and will clean up after the last
    handle to the object is closed.

    \section1 Interoperability with old Qt applications

    The QNativeIpcKey class was introduced in Qt 6.6. Prior to this version,
    QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore backends were determined at the time of
    Qt's own build. For Windows systems, it was always the Windows backend. For
    Unix systems, it defaulted to the System V backend if the configuration
    script determined it was available. If it was not available, it fell back
    to the POSIX one. The POSIX backend could be explicitly
    selected using the \c{-feature-ipc_posix} option to the Qt configure
    script; if it was enabled, the \c{QT_POSIX_IPC} macro would be defined.

    Qt 6.6 retains the configure script option but it no longer controls the
    availability of the backends. Instead, it changes what
    QNativeIpcKey::legacyDefaultTypeForOs() will return. Applications that need
    to retain compatibility must use this key type exclusively to guarantee
    interoperability.

    The API in both QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore had the concept of a
    cross-platform key, which is now deprecated in favor of using
    QSharedMemory::legacyNativeKey() and QSystemSemaphore::legacyNativeKey().
    Those two functions produce the same native key as the deprecated functions
    did in prior versions. If the old code was for example:

    \code
        QSharedMemory shm("org.example.myapplication");
        QSystemSemaphore sem("org.example.myapplication");
    \endcode

    It can be updated to be:
    \code
        QSharedMemory shm(QSharedMemory::legacyNativeKey("org.example.myapplication"));
        QSystemSemaphore sem(QSystemSemaphore::legacyNativeKey("org.example.myapplication"));
    \endcode

    If the two applications exchanged native keys, there is no need to update
    code such as:

    \code
        QSharedMemory shm;
        shm.setNativeKey(key);
    \endcode

    Though if the older application did accept a native key, the new one may
    opt to use \c{platformSafeKey()} with a second argument of
    QNativeIpcKey::legacyDefaultTypeForOs().

    \section3 X/Open System Interfaces (XSI) / System V
    Never use existing files for QSharedMemory keys, as the old Qt application
    may attempt to remove it. Instead, let QSharedMemory create it.

    \section1 Interoperability with non-Qt applications

    Interoperability with non-Qt applications is possible, with some limitations:
    \list
      \li Creation of shared memory segments must not race
      \li QSharedMemory support for locking the segment is unavailable
    \endlist

    Communication with non-Qt applications must always be through the native
    key.

    QSharedMemory always maps the entire segment to memory. The non-Qt
    application may choose to only map a subset of it to memory, with no ill
    effects.

    \section3 POSIX Realtime
    POSIX shared memory can be opened using
    \l{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/shm_open.html}{shm_open()}
    and POSIX system semaphores can be opened using
    \l{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/sem_open.html}{sem_open()}.

    Both of those functions take a \c name parameter that is the result of
    QNativeIpcKey::nativeKey(), encoded for file names using
    QFile::encodeName() / QFile::decodeName().

    \section3 Windows
    Windows shared memory objects can be opened using
    \l{https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/memoryapi/nf-memoryapi-createfilemappingw}{CreateFileMappingW}
    and Windows system semaphore objects can be opened using
    \l{https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/synchapi/nf-synchapi-createsemaphorew}{CreateSemaphoreW}.
    Despite the name of both functions starting with "Create", they are able
    to attach to existing objects.

    The \c lpName parameter to those functions is the result of
    QNativeIpcKey::nativeKey(), without transformation.

    If the foreign application uses the non-Unicode version of those functions
    (ending in "A"), the name can be converted to and from 8-bit using QString.

    \section3 X/Open System Interfaces (XSI) / System V
    System V shared memory can be obtained using
    \l{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/shmget.html}{shmget()}
    and System V system semaphores can be obtained using
    \l{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/semget.html}{semget()}.

    The \c{key} parameter to either of those functions is the result of the
    \l{https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/ftok.html}{ftok()}
    function when passed the file name obtained from QNativeIpcKey::nativeKey()
    with an \c id of 81 or 0x51 (the ASCII capital letter 'Q').

    System V semaphore objects may contain multiple semaphores, but
    QSystemSemaphore only uses the first one (number 0 for \c{sem_num}).

    Both QSharedMemory and QSystemSemaphore default to removing the object
    using the \c{IPC_RMID} operation to \c{shmctl()} and \c{semctl()}
    respectively if they are the last attachment.
*/
